1. TRIP12 promotes small-molecule-induced degradation through K29/K48-branched ubiquitin chains
Akinori Endo, Takuji Shoda, Yasuko Kawase, Yosuke Demizu, Mikihiko Naito, Yoshino Akizuki, Yasushi Saeki, Keiji Tanaka, Fumiaki Ohtake, Katsuhide Igarashi, Ai Kaiho-Soma Mol Cell . 2021 Apr 1;81(7):1411-1424.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.01.023.
Targeted protein degradation is an emerging therapeutic paradigm. Small-molecule degraders such as proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) induce the degradation of neo-substrates by hijacking E3 ubiquitin ligases. Although ubiquitylation of endogenous substrates has been extensively studied, the mechanism underlying forced degradation of neo-substrates is less well understood. We found that the ubiquitin ligase TRIP12 promotes PROTAC-induced and CRL2VHL-mediated degradation of BRD4 but is dispensable for the degradation of the endogenous CRL2VHLsubstrate HIF-1α. TRIP12 associates with BRD4 via CRL2VHLand specifically assembles K29-linked ubiquitin chains, facilitating the formation of K29/K48-branched ubiquitin chains and accelerating the assembly of K48 linkage by CRL2VHL. Consequently, TRIP12 promotes the PROTAC-induced apoptotic response. TRIP12 also supports the efficiency of other degraders that target CRABP2 or TRIM24 or recruit CRBN. These observations define TRIP12 and K29/K48-branched ubiquitin chains as accelerators of PROTAC-directed targeted protein degradation, revealing a cooperative mechanism of branched ubiquitin chain assembly unique to the degradation of neo-substrates.
2. Antibody-PROTAC Conjugates Enable HER2-Dependent Targeted Protein Degradation of BRD4
James Richard Baker, Cyrille S Kounde, Edward W Tate, Marı A Maneiro, Maria M Shchepinova, Vijay Chudasama, Nafsika Forte ACS Chem Biol . 2020 Jun 19;15(6):1306-1312. doi: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00285.
Targeting protein degradation with Proteolysis-Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) is an area of great current interest in drug discovery. Nevertheless, although the high effectiveness of PROTACs against a wide variety of targets has been established, most degraders reported to date display limited intrinsic tissue selectivity and do not discriminate between cells of different types. Here, we describe a strategy for selective protein degradation in a specific cell type. We report the design and synthesis of a trastuzumab-PROTAC conjugate (Ab-PROTAC3) in which E3 ligase-directed degrader activity is caged with an antibody linker which can be hydrolyzed following antibody-PROTAC internalization, releasing the active PROTAC and inducing catalytic protein degradation. We show that3selectively targets bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) for degradation only in HER2 positive breast cancer cell lines, while sparing HER2 negative cells. Using live cell confocal microscopy, we show internalization and lysosomal trafficking of the conjugate specifically in HER2 positive cells, leading to the release of active PROTAC in quantities sufficient to induce potent BRD4 degradation. These studies demonstrate proof-of-concept for tissue-specific BRD4 degradation, overcoming limitations of PROTAC selectivity, with significant potential for application to novel targets.
3. Degradation of proteins by PROTACs and other strategies
Haopeng Sun, Yang Wang, Xueyang Jiang, Feng Feng, Wenyuan Liu Acta Pharm Sin B . 2020 Feb;10(2):207-238. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.08.001.
Blocking the biological functions of scaffold proteins and aggregated proteins is a challenging goal. PROTAC proteolysis-targeting chimaera (PROTAC) technology may be the solution, considering its ability to selectively degrade target proteins. Recent progress in the PROTAC strategy include identification of the structure of the first ternary eutectic complex, extra-terminal domain-4-PROTAC-Von-Hippel-Lindau (BRD4-PROTAC-VHL), and PROTAC ARV-110 has entered clinical trials for the treatment of prostate cancer in 2019. These discoveries strongly proved the value of the PROTAC strategy. In this perspective, we summarized recent meaningful research of PROTAC, including the types of degradation proteins, preliminary biological data in vitro and in vivo, and new E3 ubiquitin ligases. Importantly, the molecular design, optimization strategy and clinical application of candidate molecules are highlighted in detail. Future perspectives for development of advanced PROTAC in medical fields have also been discussed systematically.
