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More information About Cholinoreceptor

Cholinoreceptor (ChR) is a receptor for acetylcholine in a postsynaptic membrane, which can be divided into muscarinic receptors (M receptors) and nicotinic receptors (N receptors) according to the sensitivity of the receptors that transmit signals to muscarinic or nicotine. M receptors are mainly distributed in effectors innervated by cholinergic postganglionic fibers, such as heart and smooth muscle. It has been demonstrated that these receptors participate in the autoregulation of synaptic transmission in the neuromuscular junction of vertebrates. According to the distribution, N receptors are divided into N1 and N2 two types. Both are ligand-gated cation channels. N1 is located in the postsynaptic membrane of the ganglion and can cause excitation of postganglionic neurons in the autonomic ganglia. N2 receptors are located in the skeletal muscle endplate membrane and can cause motor endplate potentials, leading to skeletal muscle excitation.

Cholinoreceptor Characteristics

In general, muscarinic receptor subtypes are co-expressed with at least one other muscarinic receptor. It was thought that muscarinic regulation in vertebrate neuromuscular junctions occurs via the activation of M1 and M2 subtypes of cholinoreceptors. Specifically, M1 receptors are responsible for the facilitation of synaptic transmission, whereas M2 receptor activation causes its depression. However, subsequent new evidence indicates the existence of other subtypes of muscarinic receptors (in addition to M1 and M2 receptors) in the neuromuscular synapses of vertebrates. Several immunohistochemical studies have demonstrated in the murine nerve-muscle contacts the presence of all five currently identified subtypes of muscarinic receptors (M1-M5). Newman et al. demonstrated the presence and functional role of M3 cholinoreceptors in the retrograde depression of quantal acetylcholine release from lizard nerve endings.

Fig. 1. The structure diagram of ion channel.

Neuronal nicotinic receptors (NNRs) are a family of ligand gated ion channels widely distributed in both the peripheral (PNS) and central (CNS) nervous systems and naturally activated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). These receptors play an important role in different physiological and neuropathological states, including Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, pain, anxiety, and tobacco dependency. NNRs are composed of five homologous subunits symmetrically arranged around the ion pore, and there are several types of receptors depending on its subunit composition; each type has its own pharmacological and functional characteristics. NNRs are the targets of many substances that are being explored for the treatment of the diseases mentioned above.

Cholinoreceptor Inhibitor

Compounds that act on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the CNS and periphery have been reported to show antinociceptive activity in several rodent acute and chronic pain models. nAChRs are ligand-gated ion channels composed of a and b subunits that assemble to form receptors subtypes with a wide range of physiological and pharmacological profiles. nAChRs are preferentially located at the preterminal and presynaptic sites regulating neurotransmitter release in several brain regions. As an ADC cytotoxin, Diplacine is a nicotinic cholinoreceptor antagonist at the neuromuscular junction.