Exatecan - CAS 171335-80-1

Exatecan - CAS 171335-80-1 Catalog number: BADC-01396

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Exatecan is an inhibitor of DNA topoisomerase I, with an IC50 of 2.2 μM (0.975 μg/mL). It can be used to study cancer.

Category
ADCs Cytotoxin
Product Name
Exatecan
CAS
171335-80-1
Catalog Number
BADC-01396
Molecular Formula
C24H22FN3O4
Molecular Weight
435.45
Purity
≥95%
Exatecan

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Description
Exatecan is an inhibitor of DNA topoisomerase I, with an IC50 of 2.2 μM (0.975 μg/mL). It can be used to study cancer.
Synonyms
DX-8951; (1S,9S)-1-Amino-9-ethyl-5-fluoro-1,2,3,9,12,15-hexahydro-9-hydroxy-4-methyl-10H,13H-benzo(de)pyrano(3',4':6,7)indolizino(1,2-b)quinoline-10,13-dione; 10H,13H-Benzo(de)pyrano(3',4':6,7)indolizino(1,2-b)quinoline-10,13-dione, 1-amino-9-ethyl-5-fluoro-1,2,3,9,12,15-hexahydro-9-hydroxy-4-methyl-, (1S-trans)-; NSC-829066
IUPAC Name
(10S,23S)-23-amino-10-ethyl-18-fluoro-10-hydroxy-19-methyl-8-oxa-4,15-diazahexacyclo[14.7.1.02,14.04,13.06,11.020,24]tetracosa-1,6(11),12,14,16,18,20(24)-heptaene-5,9-dione
Canonical SMILES
CCC1(C2=C(COC1=O)C(=O)N3CC4=C5C(CCC6=C5C(=CC(=C6C)F)N=C4C3=C2)N)O
InChI
InChI=1S/C24H22FN3O4/c1-3-24(31)14-6-18-21-12(8-28(18)22(29)13(14)9-32-23(24)30)19-16(26)5-4-11-10(2)15(25)7-17(27-21)20(11)19/h6-7,16,31H,3-5,8-9,26H2,1-2H3/t16-,24-/m0/s1
InChIKey
ZVYVPGLRVWUPMP-FYSMJZIKSA-N
Density
1.53±0.1 g/cm3 (Predicted)
Solubility
Soluble in DMSO (Slightly), Methanol (Slightly, Heated, Sonicated), Water (Slightly, Heated)
Melting Point
>137°C (dec.)
Appearance
Solid Powder
Storage
Store at 2-8°C for short term (days to weeks) or -20°C for long term (months to years)
Boiling Point
818.4±65.0°C (Predicted)

Exatecan, a potent inhibitor of DNA topoisomerase I, represents a notable compound in the landscape of cancer research and drug discovery. As an analog of camptothecin, it functions to impede the DNA replication process in rapidly dividing cancer cells. With an IC50 of 2.2 μM (0.975 μg/mL), Exatecan effectively inhibits the re-ligation step of the DNA cleavage, thereby leading to DNA damage and eventual cell death. This mechanism underscores its potential as a potent therapeutic agent in treating various forms of cancer, most notably those that are resistant to other forms of chemotherapy.

The significance of Exatecan in drug discovery extends beyond its immediate cytotoxic effects. As research progresses, understanding the cellular environments and genetic variations that affect topoisomerase I’s function becomes crucial. Exatecan’s specificity for topoisomerase I makes it a vital tool in elucidating the role of this enzyme in DNA replication and repair mechanisms. By delineating these pathways, scientists can better understand cancer cell resistance to topoisomerase inhibitors and work towards overcoming these challenges. Such insights are critical for designing next-generation drugs that may either enhance the efficacy of existing topoisomerase inhibitors or provide novel therapeutic options through combination therapies.

Moreover, Exatecan’s utility in drug discovery is heightened by its role in preclinical and clinical evaluations of new cancer therapies. Used in vitro and in vivo studies, Exatecan helps in assessing the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and toxicity profiles of novel compounds. By serving as a benchmark or a component of combination therapies, it aids researchers in optimizing dosing regimens and reducing adverse effects associated with treatment. This strategic application is particularly important when developing therapeutic strategies for intractable cancers such as metastatic breast cancer or advanced small-cell lung cancer.

Combining Exatecan with other therapeutic modalities illustrates another realm of innovation within drug discovery. The synergy between Exatecan and antibodies or other small molecules holds promise in targeted cancer therapies. For instance, in conjugate forms, Exatecan can be delivered directly to tumor sites, minimizing systemic exposure and resultant toxicities. These innovative delivery systems not only improve the therapeutic index but also provide pathways for circumventing multi-drug resistance observed in many tumors. Such advancements are a testament to Exatecan’s versatility and pivotal role in designing effective cancer treatment paradigms.

1. Trastuzumab Deruxtecan (DS-8201a): The Latest Research and Advances in Breast Cancer
Konstantinos Koutsoukos, Flora Zagouri, Michalis Liontos, Angeliki Andrikopoulou, Meletios-Athanasios Dimopoulos, Eleni Zografos Clin Breast Cancer . 2021 Jun;21(3):e212-e219. doi: 10.1016/j.clbc.2020.08.006.
The development of antibody-drug conjugates composed of a cytotoxic agent and a monoclonal antibody carrier offers an important alternative to classic chemotherapy strategies. Trastuzumab deruxtecan (DS-8201a) is a next-generation antibody-drug conjugate composed of a monoclonal anti-HER2 antibody and a topoisomerase I inhibitor, an exatecan derivative (DX-8951f). DS-8201a resulted in favorable outcomes in HER2-positive heavily pretreated breast cancer patients and also had a promising efficacy in patients with HER2-negative/low-expressing disease, whose options are limited. Interestingly, a recently published phase 2 trial (NCT03248492) reported 60% overall response and 97% disease control in patients with HER2-positive disease previously treated with multiple regimens, including trastuzumab emtansine. On the basis of recent clinical trials, the US Food and Drug Administration granted accelerated approval to DS-8201a in advanced or unresectable HER2-positive breast cancer pretreated with at least two HER2-targeting treatment lines. We review all preclinical and clinical data of DS-8201a regarding breast cancer.
2. DS-8201a, a new HER2-targeting antibody-drug conjugate incorporating a novel DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor, overcomes HER2-positive gastric cancer T-DM1 resistance
Kazuto Nishio, Kazuko Sakai, Junji Tsurutani, Naoki Takegawa, Kazuhiko Nakagawa, Kimio Yonesaka, Yoshikane Nonagase, Osamu Maenishi, Takao Tamura, Yusuke Ogitani Int J Cancer . 2017 Oct 15;141(8):1682-1689. doi: 10.1002/ijc.30870.
Anti-HER2 therapies are beneficial for patients with HER2-positive breast or gastric cancer. T-DM1 is a HER2-targeting antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) comprising the antibody trastuzumab, a linker, and the tubulin inhibitor DM1. Although effective in treating advanced breast cancer, all patients eventually develop T-DM1 resistance. DS-8201a is a new ADC incorporating an anti-HER2 antibody, a newly developed, enzymatically cleavable peptide linker, and a novel, potent, exatecan-derivative topoisomerase I inhibitor (DXd). DS-8201a has a drug-to-antibody-ratio (DAR) of 8, which is higher than that of T-DM1 (3.5). Owing to these unique characteristics and unlike T-DM1, DS-8201a is effective against cancers with low-HER2 expression. In the present work, T-DM1-resistant cells (N87-TDMR), established using the HER2-positive gastric cancer line NCI-N87 and continuous T-DM1 exposure, were shown to be susceptible to DS-8201a. The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters ABCC2 and ABCG2 were upregulated in N87-TDMR cells, but HER2 overexpression was retained. Furthermore, inhibition of ABCC2 and ABCG2 by MK571 restored T-DM1 sensitivity. Therefore, resistance to T-DM1 is caused by efflux of its payload DM1, due to aberrant expression of ABC transporters. In contrast to DM1, DXd payload of DS-8201a inhibited the growth of N87-TDMR cells in vitro. This suggests that either DXd may be a poor substrate of ABCC2 and ABCG2 in comparison to DM1, or the high DAR of DS-8201a relative to T-DM1 compensates for increased efflux. Notably, N87-TDMR xenograft tumor growth was prevented by DS-8201a. In conclusion, the efficacy of DS-8201a as a treatment for patients with T-DM1-resistant breast or gastric cancer merits investigation.
3. TOP1-DNA Trapping by Exatecan and Combination Therapy with ATR Inhibitor
Vishwas Paralkar, Juan C Vasquez, Yilun Sun, Sophia Gayle, Jinny Van Doorn, Woo Suk Choi, Yves Pommier, Ukhyun Jo, Ranjit S Bindra, Keli K Agama, Yasuhiro Arakawa, Ranjini K Sundaram, Xi Yang, Kelli Jones, Liton Kumar Saha, Yasuhisa Murai Mol Cancer Ther . 2022 Jul 5;21(7):1090-1102. doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-21-1000.
Exatecan and deruxtecan are antineoplastic camptothecin derivatives in development as tumor-targeted-delivery warheads in various formulations including peptides, liposomes, polyethylene glycol nanoparticles, and antibody-drug conjugates. Here, we report the molecular pharmacology of exatecan compared with the clinically approved topoisomerase I (TOP1) inhibitors and preclinical models for validating biomarkers and the combination of exatecan with ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related kinase (ATR) inhibitors. Modeling exatecan binding at the interface of a TOP1 cleavage complex suggests two novel molecular interactions with the flanking DNA base and the TOP1 residue N352, in addition to the three known interactions of camptothecins with the TOP1 residues R364, D533, and N722. Accordingly, exatecan showed much stronger TOP1 trapping, higher DNA damage, and apoptotic cell death than the classical TOP1 inhibitors used clinically. We demonstrate the value of SLFN11 expression and homologous recombination (HR) deficiency (HRD) as predictive biomarkers of response to exatecan. We also show that exatecan kills cancer cells synergistically with the clinical ATR inhibitor ceralasertib (AZD6738). To establish the translational potential of this combination, we tested CBX-12, a clinically developed pH-sensitive peptide-exatecan conjugate that selectively targets cancer cells and is currently in clinical trials. The combination of CBX-12 with ceralasertib significantly suppressed tumor growth in mouse xenografts. Collectively, our results demonstrate the potency of exatecan as a TOP1 inhibitor and its clinical potential in combination with ATR inhibitors, using SLFN11 and HRD as predictive biomarkers.
The molarity calculator equation

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

The dilution calculator equation

Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)

This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2

Historical Records: Exatecan
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