Name: DC1
Brand: BOC Sciences
Rating: 5 (1 reviews)

Synonyms

(S)-N-(2-(1-(Chloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]indole-3-carbonyl)-1H-indol-5-yl)-5-(3-mercaptopropanamido)-1H-indole-2-carboxamide; 1H-Indole-2-carboxamide, N-[2-[[(1S)-1-(chloromethyl)-1,2-dihydro-5-hydroxy-3H-benz[e]indol-3-yl]carbonyl]-1H-indol-5-yl]-5-[(3-mercapto-1-oxopropyl)amino]-; N-(2-{[(1S)-1-(Chloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-1,2-dihydro-3H-benzo[e]indol-3-yl]carbonyl}-1H-indol-5-yl)-5-[(3-sulfanylpropanoyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxamide

IUPAC Name

N-[2-[(1S)-1-(chloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-1,2-dihydrobenzo[e]indole-3-carbonyl]-1H-indol-5-yl]-5-(3-sulfanylpropanoylamino)-1H-indole-2-carboxamide

Canonical SMILES

C1C(C2=C(N1C(=O)C3=CC4=C(N3)C=CC(=C4)NC(=O)C5=CC6=C(N5)C=CC(=C6)NC(=O)CCS)C=C(C7=CC=CC=C72)O)CCl

InChI

InChI=1S/C34H28ClN5O4S/c35-16-20-17-40(29-15-30(41)23-3-1-2-4-24(23)32(20)29)34(44)28-14-19-12-22(6-8-26(19)39-28)37-33(43)27-13-18-11-21(5-7-25(18)38-27)36-31(42)9-10-45/h1-8,11-15,20,38-39,41,45H,9-10,16-17H2,(H,36,42)(H,37,43)/t20-/m1/s1

InChIKey

ZASLXALGERLDLT-HXUWFJFHSA-N

Density

1.523±0.06 g/cm3 (Predicted)

Shipping

Room temperature

Boiling Point

940.5±65.0°C (Predicted)

NCT Number	Condition Or Disease	Phase	Start Date	Sponsor	Status
NCT04625595	Type1 Diabetes	Phase 1	2021-08-25	Immunomolecular Therapeutics, Inc.	Completed
NCT02787915	Renal Cell Carcinoma	Phase 1	2016-06-02	Xuzhou Medical University	Unknown Verified May 2016 by Junnian Zheng, Xuzhou Medical University. Recruitment status was Not yet recruiting
NCT02336984	Breast Cancer	Phase 1, Phase 2	2021-01-11	H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute	Withdrawn (PI left Abramson Cancer Center and study never opened at Moffitt Cancer Center.)
NCT03630809	Breast Cancer	Phase 2	2021-11-22	H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute	Suspended (Suspended for protocol revisions)
NCT03474536	Lung Transplantation		2020-04-29	University Hospital, Bordeaux	Completed

DC1 is a synthetic cytotoxic compound and a potent ADC cytotoxin utilized as an ADC payload in antibody-drug conjugates. Its cytotoxic mechanism involves DNA intercalation and topoisomerase inhibition, leading to disruption of DNA replication, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis in proliferating tumor cells. The chemical structure of DC1 allows stable conjugation to monoclonal antibodies via cleavable or non-cleavable linker chemistries, enabling targeted intracellular delivery in ADC applications while maintaining systemic stability.

In antibody-drug conjugates, DC1 is covalently linked to antibodies using linker strategies that preserve payload stability in circulation and enable selective intracellular release. The ADC remains inactive during systemic circulation, minimizing off-target toxicity. Following receptor-mediated internalization into antigen-expressing tumor cells, enzymatic or chemical cleavage liberates DC1, which binds DNA and inhibits topoisomerase activity, leading to replication arrest and apoptosis. This targeted delivery ensures that cytotoxic effects are confined to tumor cells, supporting precise tumor-targeted therapy in ADC constructs.

Applications of DC1 include incorporation into ADCs targeting both hematologic malignancies and solid tumors with defined antigen expression. Its chemical compatibility with a variety of linker chemistries allows optimization of conjugation efficiency, intracellular release kinetics, and pharmacokinetic profiles. Preclinical evaluations demonstrate reproducible cytotoxicity in target-expressing tumor cells. DC1 supports the development of ADCs with defined DNA-damaging mechanisms, providing mechanistically precise apoptosis induction and tumor cell elimination, facilitating rational design of antibody-drug conjugates for targeted cancer therapy.

1.Dendritic cell subsets and locations

Int Rev Cell Mol Biol. 2019;348:1-68. doi: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.07.004.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are a unique class of immune cells that act as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. The discovery of DCs by Cohen and Steinman in 1973 laid the foundation for DC biology, and the advances in the field identified different versions of DCs with unique properties and functions. DCs originate from hematopoietic stem cells, and their differentiation is modulated by Flt3L. They are professional antigen-presenting cells that patrol the environmental interphase, sites of infection, or infiltrate pathological tissues looking for antigens that can be used to activate effector cells. DCs are critical for the initiation of the cellular and humoral immune response and protection from infectious diseases or tumors. DCs can take up antigens using specialized surface receptors such as endocytosis receptors, phagocytosis receptors, and C type lectin receptors. Moreover, DCs are equipped with an array of extracellular and intracellular pattern recognition receptors for sensing different danger signals. Upon sensing the danger signals, DCs get activated, upregulate costimulatory molecules, produce various cytokines and chemokines, take up antigen and process it and migrate to lymph nodes where they present antigens to both CD8 and CD4 T cells. DCs are classified into different subsets based on an integrated approach considering their surface phenotype, expression of unique and conserved molecules, ontogeny, and functions. They can be broadly classified as conventional DCs consisting of two subsets (DC1 and DC2), plasmacytoid DCs, inflammatory DCs, and Langerhans cells.

2.Type I interferon activates MHC class I-dressed CD11b+ conventional dendritic cells to promote protective anti-tumor CD8+ T cell immunity

Immunity. 2022 Feb 8;55(2):308-323.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.10.020.

Tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells (DCs) assume varied functional states that impact anti-tumor immunity. To delineate the DC states associated with productive anti-tumor T cell immunity, we compared spontaneously regressing and progressing tumors. Tumor-reactive CD8 + T cell responses in Batf3 -/- mice lacking type 1 DCs (DC1s) were lost in progressor tumors but preserved in regressor tumors. Transcriptional profiling of intra-tumoral DCs within regressor tumors revealed an activation state of CD11b + conventional DCs (DC2s) characterized by expression of interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs) (ISG + DCs). ISG + DC-activated CD8 + T cells ex vivo comparably to DC1. Unlike cross-presenting DC1, ISG + DCs acquired and presented intact tumor-derived peptide-major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC class I) complexes. Constitutive type I IFN production by regressor tumors drove the ISG + DC state, and activation of MHC class I-dressed ISG + DCs by exogenous IFN-β rescued anti-tumor immunity against progressor tumors in Batf3 -/- mice. The ISG + DC gene signature is detectable in human tumors. Engaging this functional DC state may present an approach for the treatment of human disease.

3.Imaging of the diaphragm: anatomy and function

Radiographics. 2012 Mar-Apr;32(2):E51-70. doi: 10.1148/rg.322115127.

The diaphragm is the primary muscle of ventilation. Dysfunction of the diaphragm is an underappreciated cause of respiratory difficulties and may be due to a wide variety of entities, including surgery, trauma, tumor, and infection. Diaphragmatic disease usually manifests as elevation at chest radiography. Functional imaging with fluoroscopy (or ultrasonography or magnetic resonance imaging) is a simple and effective method of diagnosing diaphragmatic dysfunction, which can be classified as paralysis, weakness, or eventration. Diaphragmatic paralysis is indicated by absence of orthograde excursion on quiet and deep breathing, with paradoxical motion on sniffing. Diaphragmatic weakness is indicated by reduced or delayed orthograde excursion on deep breathing, with or without paradoxical motion on sniffing. Eventration is congenital thinning of a segment of diaphragmatic muscle and manifests as focal weakness. Treatment of diaphragmatic paralysis depends on the cause of the dysfunction and the severity of the symptoms. Treatment options include plication and phrenic nerve stimulation. Supplemental material available at http://radiographics.rsna.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1148/rg.322115127/-/DC1.

What is DC1?

DC1 is a potent cytotoxic compound utilized in antibody-drug conjugates for targeted cancer therapy. Its mechanism involves microtubule inhibition, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, making it a valuable payload for ADC design.

2/11/2021

Could you kindly advise how DC1 is integrated into ADCs?

DC1 is conjugated to antibodies via cleavable or non-cleavable linkers, enabling selective delivery to antigen-expressing tumor cells. This targeted approach enhances therapeutic efficacy while reducing off-target toxicity.

27/5/2019

We are interested in which linker chemistries are compatible with DC1.

DC1 can be linked using peptide-based, disulfide, or other bioconjugation linkers. The choice of linker determines stability, release kinetics, and ADC pharmacokinetics, which are critical for preclinical and clinical development.

28/3/2020

Dear BOC Sciences, could you please let me know if you provide DC1 ADC customization?

BOC Sciences provides full DC1 ADC services including payload conjugation, linker optimization, and analytical support. Our platform allows tailored ADC design to meet specific research requirements and enhance drug development efficiency.

25/6/2022

Dear BOC Sciences, what precautions should be taken when handling DC1?

DC1 is a highly potent cytotoxin, necessitating rigorous safety measures such as PPE, containment, and adherence to laboratory protocols to minimize risk of exposure during handling and conjugation procedures.

30/4/2019

— Dr. James Parker, Senior Scientist (USA)

DC1 supplied by BOC Sciences met our expectations for purity and stability, enabling efficient ADC assays.

28/3/2020

— Dr. Jonathan Miles, Senior Scientist (USA)

DC1 delivered by BOC Sciences showed excellent stability and high purity, which greatly supported our conjugation experiments.

30/4/2019

— Ms. Anika Hoffmann, R&D Manager (Germany)

The DC1 batch arrived on schedule with comprehensive QC reports, enabling seamless integration into our ADC workflow.

25/6/2022

— Dr. Oliver Bennett, Biopharmaceutical Researcher (UK)

We observed consistent performance in all assays using DC1, highlighting the quality and reproducibility from BOC Sciences.