1. Nanobody-Engineered Natural Killer Cell Conjugates for Solid Tumor Adoptive Immunotherapy
Zhimeng Wu, Yanchun Li, Ying Chen, Kaisa Cui, Zhaohui Huang, Liang Gong, Dan Li, Haofei Hong, Jiuming Li, Yuan Yin Small . 2021 Nov;17(45):e2103463. doi: 10.1002/smll.202103463.
Cancer immunotherapy based on natural killer (NK) cells is demonstrated to be a promising strategy. However, NK cells are deficient in ligands that target specific tumors, resulting in limited antitumor efficacy. Here, a glycoengineering approach to imitate the chimeric antigen receptor strategy and decorate NK cells with nanobodies to promote NK-based immunotherapy in solid tumors is proposed. Nanobody 7D12, which specifically recognizes the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) that is overexpressed on many solid tumors, is coupled to the chemically synthesized DBCO-PEG4-GGG-NH2by sortase A-mediated ligation to generate DBCO-7D12. The NK92MI cells bearing azide groups are then equipped with DBCO-7D12 via bioorthogonal click chemistry. The resultant 7D12-NK92MI cells exhibit high specificity and affinity for EGFR-overexpressing tumor cells in vitro and in vivo by the 7D12-EGFR interaction, causing increased cytokine secretion to more effectively kill EGFR-positive tumor cells, but not EGFR-negative cancer cells. Importantly, the 7D12-NK92MI cells also show a wide anticancer spectrum and extensive tumor penetration. Furthermore, mouse experiments reveal that 7D12-NK92MI treatment achieves excellent therapeutic efficacy and outstanding safety. The authors' works provide a cell modification strategy using specific protein ligands without genetic manipulation and present a potential novel method for cancer-targeted immunotherapy by NK cells.
2. Click-Shielded and Targeted Lipopolyplexes
Philipp Michael Klein, Ernst Wagner Methods Mol Biol . 2019;2036:141-164. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9670-4_8.
Lipopolyplexes present well-established nucleic acid carriers assembled from sequence-defined cationic lipo-oligomers and DNA or RNA. They can be equipped with additional surface functionality, like shielding and targeting, in a stepwise assembly method using click chemistry. Here, we describe the synthesis of the required compounds, an azide-bearing lipo-oligomer structure and dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO) click agents as well as the assembly of the compounds with siRNA into a surface-functionalized formulation. Both the lipo-oligomer and the DBCO-equipped shielding and targeting agents are produced by solid-phase synthesis (SPS). This enables for precise variation of all functional units, like variation in the amount of DBCO attachment sites or polyethylene glycol (PEG) length. Special cleavage conditions with only 5% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) must be applied for the synthesis of the shielding and targeting agents due to acid lability of the DBCO unit. The two-step lipopolyplex assembly technique allows for separate optimization of the core and the shell of the formulation.
3. Comparison of Bioorthogonally Cross-Linked Hydrogels for in Situ Cell Encapsulation
Heleen de Jong, Henan Zhan, Dennis W P M Löwik ACS Appl Bio Mater . 2019 Jul 15;2(7):2862-2871. doi: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00253.
Hydrogels are water-saturated polymer networks and extensively used in drug delivery, tissue repair engineering, and cell cultures. For encapsulation of drugs or cells, the possibility to form hydrogelsin situis very much desired. This can be achieved in numerous ways, including use of bioorthogonal chemistry to create polymer networks. Here we report a set of bioorthogonally clickable polymers that was designed with the aim to find a combination that could rapidly encapsulate cells in a three-dimensional manner to improve the preparation of hydrogels as tissue mimics. To this end, tetrazine (Tet),trans-cyclooctene (TCO), azide (N3), dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO), bicyclo[6.1.0]nonyne (BCN), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DHPA), and norbornene (Norb) were grafted to four-armed poly(ethylene)glycol (star-PEG) polymers of 10 kDa. Inverted vial tests and rheology demonstrated that hydrogels formed within seconds from combinations of TCO-Tet, BCN-DHPA, and BCN-Tet. Hydrogels from DBCO-N3, DBCO-DHPA, and BCN-N3formed in the range of minutes, whereas the Norb-Tet ligation required multiple hours to form a gel. After this comparison, we chose to prepare hydrogels via DBCO-N3and BCN-N3and employed them for human mesenchymal stem cell (HMSC) cultures for a period of 5 days. We additionally incorporated RGDS and MMP cleavable peptide (MMPcp) motifs in these gels to stimulate cell adhesion and add degradability. Both DBCO and BCN gel systems including the functional peptide motifs allowed HMSCs to be viable and spread in 5 days. The DBCO-based hydrogel could trap cells at different depths due to its fast gelation process, while the slower gelation of the BCN-based hydrogel led to cell sedimentation.
